![]() (It also excludes hundreds of thousands of nonwhite soldiers and laborers from the colonized world, many of them Indian, as well as nearly 400,000 Black Americans.) In his treatise “La Force Noire,” French Gen. The modernist canon that emerged from the trenches, however, largely excludes the approximately 2.3 million Africans who supported the French and British armies. The subsequent reckoning with industrialized warfare and voracious nationalism ushered in movements such as Dadaism, Futurism, and the canon of literary modernism, influencing writers in the Anglosphere from Virginia Woolf to T.S. Mechanized brutality rendered former modes of expression like realism obsolete. ![]() The large-scale slaughter permanently changed not only the way Europe governed and considered weaponry, but also how people made art. Ten million soldiers died fighting in World War I, many of them in the trenches. ![]()
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